Genetically Modified Foods

Read the following article: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
A. What was the reason for genetically designing GMO's
B. What was the outcome of genetically modified foods
C. What are some of the possible effects of GMO's on society.

Test Review for Bio.

STUDY GUIDE

1. Understand the difference between mitosis and meiosis

2. What is cell division and what are stages involved

3. What is the difference between Haploid and Diploiod.

4. Why are the cells in mitosis identical and what is the difference between mitosis in plant and animal cells

5. What is genetic variation and which type of cell division leads to that variation. Secondly what phase does this occur and what is the name of the process called. Third why is it named as such.

6. Why are the cells in meiosis haploid in meiosis at the end of cytokinesis

7. Why is it important for cell replication to create DNA that is identical  before the cell enters mitosis and/or meiosis

8. If a cell contains 50 somatic chromosomes how many chromosomes will be in the gametes.

9. What is the difference between gametes and somatic cells

10. What is nondisjunction and how does that effect the zygote of a fertilized cell.

11. Understand the importance of having unbiased research

12. Be able to read a graph and interpret data.

I hope that you know these questions inside and out. Review every aspect of thes questions. It may not be much but I can ask a variety of questions from these 10.

Stem Cells and Schizophrenia

Click on the following link and read the article: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130122162403.htm
The following question was posed by the doctor in this article "How is it possible to have 100 patients with schizophrenia and each one has a different genetic mutation that causes the disorder?"
Answer the following questions:
1) What are Stem Cells
2) What is INFS
3) What is the cause for 100 patients having different genetic mutations that cause this disorder and what word or words signal that a cause and effect is about to take place in the upcoming sentences

Read the following article: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130113201141.htm

Uncovering the Secrets Held Within a Tadpole's Tail That Could Have Big Implications for Human Healing.

How does regeneration apply to mitosis furthermore what individuals could benefit from this research? What are the possible positive and negative implications of this research?

Enzymes and their function

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

Energy in Reactions

Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken.

Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.

Because matter and energy are conserved in chemical reactions, every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions.

Plants get their energy from the sun.

Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals.  

Activation Energy

Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously.

Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.

What are Enzymes and how is it related to Activation Energy

Enzymes

Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue.

These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Enzymes act by lowering the activation energy

Notice the blue line is without an enzyme and red line if 

with the enzyme notice how the activation energy is lowered to 

start to reaction and thus the process of going 

from reactants to products if faster.

Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction.

For this reason, part of an enzyme’s name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes.

HOW DOES THIS WORK:

Enzymes act as a Lock and Key mechanism. The enzyme is the key. It only works with a specific substrate

The enzyme and substrates remain bound together until the reaction is done and the substrates are converted to products.

The products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again

• Enzymes play essential roles in:
• regulating chemical pathways.
• making material that cells need.
• releasing energy.
• transferring information.

Genetically altered babies

Go to the following website. Whe you arrive their go click on the survey and complete the survey seperately. When the survey is completed on the bottom of the link it will say send to a friend (send to: mrharrell1914@gmail.com). Then read the background essay and answer the questions. Turn this in by the end of class.
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.babiesbydesign/

Extra Credit Genetic Problems

Show your work: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_genetics/problem_sets/monohybrid_cross/monohybrid_cross.html

Go to the following website and do problems 1,2,9,11,13. Show your work to get full extra credit. This is due on Tuesday morning. If you do not turn it in at the beginning of class then you will not receive extra credit. This is due 7:10am on 14 Feb 2012. Problems 1,2,9,11,13